[The following article is offered as a partnership between eJP and the Clergy Leadership Incubator program (CLI). CLI is a two-year program to support and encourage congregational rabbis and rabbinic entrepreneurs in the areas of innovative thinking, change management and institutional transformation. CLI is directed by Rabbi Sid Schwarz and is fiscally sponsored by Hazon. Each month CLI offers a Synagogue Innovation Blog. Past columns can be found at: www.cliforum.org/blog/.
An earlier version of this article appeared on this site under the title: “The Future of North American Synagogues.”]
By Rabbi Ben Goldstein
I have spent the last twenty years working in synagogues in different capacities. First as a Hebrew school teacher and youth director, and the last eight years as a rabbi. I have witnessed firsthand the benefits and challenges that synagogues face today. I have seen the ability of community to help those who are suffering, and the struggle of even large synagogues to meet the needs of a daily minyan. While I am not a demographic expert, I believe that there is an iceberg dead ahead for synagogues in North America.
At the core of the problem with synagogues is how the life of the synagogue is oriented. Most, if not all, North American synagogues revolve their weeks and calendars around Shabbat services. If you think about the staffing and training of a synagogue, you’ll notice an inherent contradiction in revolving around prayer. While some employ full-time cantors and musical directors, many synagogues operate with a rabbi as their sole clergy. You take a person, provide them with some (if not enough) pastoral training, educate them in Talmud and Torah for five years, and then place them in an institution that operates not as a center for Torah study or counseling, but one built around an entirely different medium – prayer. It would be as if you trained someone to be an ophthalmologist and then asked them to open a practice as a cardiologist; two related, but highly different areas of expertise.
Another problem with revolving synagogue life around prayer is that what we do at Shabbat services can hardly be classified as prayer. When the rabbis of the Talmud set out to replace the sacrificial system, they defined the experience of prayer as one in which the practitioner experiences “joy and trembling.” They were describing a moving spiritual experience in which a person connects with something greater than themselves. For the vast majority of people, this is a far cry from what they experience on a Shabbat morning.
Another problem are the prayers we read. When they were written, the dominant theology of the authors was that God was some sort of accountant-king who sat enthroned on high, judging us with scales of good and evil. In the 21st century, this theology of domination and submission has been replaced by one of cooperation and partnership between us and the Divine. The prayers we recite do not reflect this shift in theology. In addition, since the prayers were written in Hebrew, most of our congregants don’t understand the words, and if they did, they would no longer want to read them.
Two thousand years ago, the rabbis set out to replace sacrifice with a new form of worship. They took the idea of worship and applied it to an entirely different medium. That is exactly what successful communities are doing today. There has been a resurgence for many entrepreneurial communities, and that should give us some hope. People are still hungry for spirituality and a connection to something greater than themselves. We can look at many thriving communities that have sprouted up around the country and take solace in the fact that while synagogue membership is down, people still thirst for meaning that we can provide. To do this though, we must reorient ourselves around something else. Many of the entrepreneurial communities have revolved themselves around Shabbat dinners, cultural program, meaningful adult education and social action instead of a three-hour Shabbat morning service.
The future of the modern synagogue comes down to one question. Is it possible for synagogues with a great deal of institutional memory to radically reorganize themselves? Instead of pouring resources into services and a kiddush, are synagogues ready to experiment with a Saturday morning Torah study instead of prayer? Even more radically, instead of coming into a building for most of a weekend day, what if spiritual communities went out and took a Shabbat hike?
If non-orthodox Judaism is to have a vibrant future, it will be created outside of the sanctuary. I expect that it will likely take place beyond the walls of synagogues as well. If I am right, then the question is: Will congregational rabbis be bold enough to experiment with new ways for Jews to experience Jewish life or will they continue to put the majority of their efforts into leading religious services for fewer and fewer people?
The most successful communities have started to find alternative ways of organizing. Whether it’s around social justice, cultural or educational events, most thriving synagogues provide different types of engagement. The most successful communities know how to offer multiple entry points. We know that people still have a spiritual hunger, we just have to do a better job at meeting their needs. Instead of morning services, have a morning filled with study; instead of Friday night services, have a meditation or yoga session followed by Shabbat dinner. If that’s too scary, then pick and choose highlights from the prayer book and explain why those prayers are still meaningful.
Whatever we do, we need a new way to organize our communities based around a spirituality and lifestyle that better speaks to contemporary Jews. We need to do a better job at meeting people where they are instead of asking them to recite ancient Hebrew prayers. If we do this, we can build a brighter future than we can even imagine. If we do this, our synagogues and institutions can be transformed from empty palaces into spiritual homes that will nurture the Jewish soul for generations to come.
Rabbi Ben Goldstein serves Temple Aliyah in Woodland Hills, CA. Rabbi Goldstein has worked in the Jewish nonprofit world for the past 20 years and is passionate about blending non-dogmatic spirituality with the wisdom found in Judaism’s sacred texts. You can follow him on Twitter @rabbigoldstein_.
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Dear Rabbi Goldstein- I appreciate your efforts to want to make Judaism more relevant to the large number of non-Orthodox Jews in the United States. But it strikes me that most of what you propose is already being done especially in the Reform movement. Also, while it is true that contemporary Jews (particularly those who are Millennials) are not overly thrilled with sitting in synagogues, they also do appreciate, and seek, what they perceive to be authentic Jewish experiences. For example, a YCT-trained Orthodox rabbi in my area got rave reviews for his one hour afternoon service on the first day of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur in which traditional prayers were recited and explained, along with traditional rituals pertaining to the High Holidays. Young people I know who attended (and who are not conventionally religious) found it extremely meaningful and satisfying. This service (although not technically halakhic as a service) also provided those who attended with the opportunity to acquire some real Jewish literacy. My point is that these issues are not simple and and successful execution requires a delicate balance if the long-term goal is preservation of Jewish tradition (as opposed to a watered-down culturally Jewish experience).
I appreciated the thoughtfulness of this article. Among Jewish educators there is a growing initiative called #OnwardHebrew, with its goal of shifting the years our synagogue students spend in prayer-skill-learning. [http://OnwardHebrew.org]
Via #OnwardHebrew, congregations across North America are breaking out of a decades old model to create Hebrew rich learning environments, bringing joy back to Hebrew education. They combine Hebrew language (Hebrew Through Movement), Jewish life vocabulary (the infusion of Hebrew words in English sentences – “grab your siddur we are going to t’fillah”), worship experiences that are more age-appropriate and joyful, and in a number of cases are moving the focus Hebrew decoding to a much later grade, leaving time for more compelling Jewish learning in the elementary school years.
Rabbi Goldstein’s challenge to “remix the program” is bolstered by the forward-thinking of #OnwardHebrew educators and clergy. Let’s do this together. [https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-gift-of-onwardhebrew/]
I appreciate Rabbi Goldstein’s article and the comments by Professor Roberta Rosenthal Kwall. I don’t think all “non-Orthodox” communities are doing what Rabbi Goldstein suggests but more are certainly beginning to realize the fruits of alternative labor. I thought a lot about this during this past Shabbat, which was #ShowUpForShabbat. While the underlying effort I imagine was toward increased attendance at synagogues in response to the tragedy in Pittsburgh, I was gratified to know that friends and acquaintances of mine were going many different places “for Shabbat”. A teaching colleague of mine attended a Shabbat meal and service at a Moishe House; another peer took time to go to a different synagogue than their family usually attends simply to show another part of their community support. The notion that inside synagogues is the only place for our people on Shabbat is a little out-dated and I think the content delivered inside and outside of sanctuaries needs to constantly be re-imagined and implemented.
Shalom Rabbi Ben,
You wrote: “At the core of the problem with synagogues is how the life of the synagogue is oriented.”
The core problem for North American non Orthodox (NAnO) synagogues is the product they represent and market: a NAnO Judaism that most NAnO Jews don’t care about. You later wrote re the prayers recited:
“…the prayers were written in Hebrew, most of our congregants don’t understand the words, and if they did, they would no longer want to read them.”
Correct! The theology implicit in the NAnO liturgy is irrelevant, meaningless and more likely than not, totally antithetical and dissonant to the thinking and lives of most NAnO Jews. You continued:
“The future of the modern synagogue comes down to one question. Is it possible for synagogues with a great deal of institutional memory to radically reorganize themselves?”
The future of the NAnO synagogue is totally dependent on the creation of
new NAnO Judaism with the power to reach the minds and enter the hearts
of the majority of NAnO Jews. We have voted with our feet that the status quo is broken, ineffective, irrelevant, and meaningless, other than perhaps an occasional life cycle event or worship service e.g., the High holidays. This new NAnO Judaism is not synonymous with the expressions of Jewishness you listed as signs of successful congregations.
Biv’racha,
Jordan Goodman
[email protected]
Shalom Professor Roberta,
At the end of your response you wrote: “My point is that these issues are not simple and successful execution requires a delicate balance if the long term goal is preservation of Jewish tradition (as opposed to a watered down culturally Jewish experience).”
One of the components of the diverse world in which we NAnO Jews live is the consumer mindset. OTHER THAN saving NAnO Judaism from extinction (to which I’d wager the reaction of most NAnO Jews would be on a continuum that ranges from “too bad” through “whatever” to “so what”), of what value is Jewish ritual practice or more generally Jewish tradition or Halacha? A clear, convincing and compelling case that there is ongoing value in 21rst century North America most assuredly has NOT been made.
A compelling value proposition that can and will reach the minds and enter the hearts of the voluntarily disconnected vast majority of NAnO Jewry must be made first. There is no value to yet another retread of “be more observant otherwise there is no future for NAnO Judaism and NAnO Jewry.” That’s a dead end for the vast majority of NAnO Jewry as it fits Albert Einstien’s definition of insanity (doing the same thing and expecting different results). Please Professor Roberta, make the case. Without it all else is but another exercize in futility. If it is to be, it is up to thee.
Biv’racha,
Jordan Goodman
[email protected]